Electrochemical analog transistor structure with two spaced solid electrochemical cells

ABSTRACT

This specification discloses an electrochemical structure having two solid electrochemical cells separated by a material or region which can take up the electrochemically active species appropriate to the cells in neutral form. Combined with external circuitry, the structure can be made to exhibit transistor action and further can be made to show ac voltage, current and power gain. For example, transistor action occurs at elevated temperatures, such as at 800°  C., with a structure composed of two ceramic zirconium dioxide electrochemical cells separated by an enclosed volume. In normal operation, one cell, acting as an emitter, emits oxygen from an ambient atmosphere into the volume, which acts as a base region, where it is collected and returned to the ambient by the opposing cell, acting as a collector.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(1) Field of the Invention

This invention relates to three terminal devices that are solid electrochemical analogs of conventional semiconductor junction transistors. With standard external circuitry, the devices can be used to perform electrical functions common to semiconductor transistors such as ac voltage, current and power amplification.

(2) Prior Art

Transistor action is known where a species electrically emitted or generated in one region of a medium controls current drawn or collected from a nearby region. The species involved need not be limited to electrons and holes in semiconductors as was shown by Letaw and Bardeen (Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 25, No. 5, page 600, May, 1954) who constructed an electrochemical analog of a junction transistor using various oxidation-reduction couples in liquid electrolytes. Because of the use of liquid electrolytes, such devices can only be used over a limited range of operating conditions such as a normal atmospheric environment and temperatures.

Resistors, capacitors and transistors are examples of electrical components which have certain standard characteristics. A certain type of electrical input to the component is expected to produce a characteristic type of output. Many varieties of a given component may produce the same input-output transformation, such as, an air gap and an electrolytic capacitor. The need for using variations of a given component arises because a certain type of component may now allow sufficient range of electrical operation, sufficient durability, ability to withstand ambient conditions, etc. The variations of the given component can embody considerable differences in the chemical or physical principles of operation, in addition to differences in fabrication procedure and physical appearance. For example, two types of semiconducting devices are bipolar and field-effect transistors. In this light, the device discussed by Letaw and Bardeen is just one structure for electrochemically obtaining transistor action. Electrochemical conduction is discussed in more detail below.

In an ionic conductor (electrolyte), a charged form of an atom (an ion) is transported through the electrolyte toward an electrode under the action of an electric potential applied to the electrode by an external battery. Many electrolytes are liquids, like water, into which salts, like silver chloride are dissolved, producing ionic species, like Ag⁺ and Cl⁻. Referring to FIG. 1, a voltage applied between metal electrodes causes the ions to move in the liquid.

Many different ionic species can be transported in water. The ions can be used up, in the sense that A_(g) will "plate out" on the negative electrode and Cl₂ will be evolved at the positive electrode.

There are also solid electrolytes which usually conduct only a single ionic species. For example, doped ZrO₂ conducts O⁼, the negatively ionized form of oxygen, as shown in FIG. 2. Porous platinum electrodes are attached to opposite ends of ceramic ZrO₂. At least one of the electrodes must be surrounded by the neutral form of the conducting atom (oxygen in this case). For zirconium dioxide this is accomplished by placing the "cell" in an atmosphere containing oxygen, such as air. At the negative electrode, gaseous oxygen combines with electrons from the battery to form oxygen ions (O⁼) in the zirconium dioxide according to the following equation:

    O.sub.2 (gas)+4e.sup.- (electrode)→20.sup.= (electrolyte (1)

The O⁼ ions are transported across the zirconium dioxide and expelled to the ambient atmosphere at the positive electrode as oxygen molecules. The electrons are given back to the electrode where they can flow back to the positive terminal of the battery and complete the current loop. The process is described by the following equation:

    20.sup.= (electrolyte)→4e.sup.- (electrode)+O.sub.2 (gas) (2)

With zirconium dioxide, gaseous oxygen is transported from one side of the electrolyte to the other. This cell is sometimes called an oxygen pump, and could be used to generate a partial vacuum or overpressure if the regions around the electrodes were sealed off.

For a sodium beta alumina solid electrolyte, sodium atoms from a liquid or gaseous sodium reservoir would be transported as shown in FIG. 3. At the electrodes the following reactions would occur:

Positive electrode:

    Na(reservoir)→Na.sup.+ (electrolyte)+e.sup.- (electrode) (3)

Negative electrode:

    Na.sup.+ (electrolyte)+e.sup.- (electrode)→Na(reservoir) (4)

This electrochemical behavior would eventually deplete the reservoir of Na surrounding the positive electrode. For continued operation, a means would be necessary to recirculate the Na. One possibility would be to completely immerse the cell in liquid or gaseous Na.

Discussing transistor action in more detail, a semiconductor transistor is a 3-terminal device having regions next to the terminals called the emitter, base and collector for bipolar (n-p-n, p-n-p) transistors. The corresponding regions for a field-effect transistor (FET) would be called source, gate, and drain, respectively.

There are three conventional modes of attaching external circuitry to the transistor. These are the common-base (CB), common-emitter (CE), and common collector (CC) modes. Each mode could be used to describe "transistor action". FIG. 4 illustrates the CB configuration.

A battery V_(E) (usually called a "bias") is applied between the emitter and base terminals with a polarity (forward-bias) to force the electrically active species into the emitter and then into the base region as well. For a semiconducting transistor, the active species are electrons. An emitter current, I_(E), now flows out of the emitter terminal.

A battery V_(c) is applied to the collector and base terminals through a load resistor R_(L). The polarity of the battery is such as to withdraw electrons from the collector (reverse bias) resulting in a collector current I_(c).

As a result, with the collector bias on, most of the electrons emitted into the base do not flow out of the base lead (terminal) to be registered as a base current I_(B) (i.e., I_(B) <<I_(E)). Rather, most emitted electrons pass through the base and are collected by the collector so that I_(c) ˜I_(E).

Further, the characteristics of the emitter-base-collector interfaces are such that increasing the collector bias does not increase the flow of either collector or emitter currents after a certain point. Rather, a collector current "saturates" at approximately the same value as the emitter current. These two features lead to a family of curves called the "collector characteristic" which is shown in FIG. 5, where V_(CB) is the collector-base voltage and can be increased by increasing V_(c). Each curve represents the collector current that flows when the collector bias is increased for a series of fixed values of I_(E). Note that the collector current saturates at approximately the same value as the emitter current.

Concurrently, one would specify the "emitter characteristic" as in FIG. 6 where I_(E) is plotted against V_(EB) (=V_(E) in this case) for various values of V_(CB). Whereas collector current saturation is the essential feature of the collector characteristic, the essential feature of the emitter characteristic is that at least for some range of V_(EB), the emitter-base impedance is low so that a small change in V_(EB) gives a large change in I_(E). A device with collector and emitter characteristics which exhibit these essential features when connected in the CB configuration can be said to exhibit transistor action. If the device were wired in the CE or CC configurations, similar characteristic curves could be described which could be used to specify transistor action.

There are many uses for transistors, but a common one is a voltage amplifier. Adjusting V_(c) and V_(E) so that an operating point is established is shown by the dots on FIGS. 5 and 6. If an additional voltage source (the signal) produces a small change ΔV_(EB) in V_(EB) about the emitter operating point, corresponding changes will occur in I_(E), I_(C) and V_(CB). One can show that if R_(L) is sufficiently large, then ΔV_(CB) >>ΔV_(EB) and the signal voltage has been amplified in the collector-base circuit. This can be achieved if the emitter and collector characteristics are like those of FIGS. 5 and 6. Current or current and voltage amplification can be achieved using the other modes of operation.

Referring to FIG. 7 which illustrates the Letaw and Bardeen device, a beaker contains water and several dissolved chemicals as well as metal electrodes. As an example, let the chemicals be such that there is a great abundance of Fe⁺⁺ ions in solution. The metal electrodes will be called the emitter, base, and collector as shown. When the emitter-base electrodes are "forward biased" by V_(E), the Fe⁺⁺ (ferrous) ions present in great abundance are converted to Fe⁺⁺⁺ (ferric) ions near the emitter electrode according to the reaction Fe⁺⁺ →Fe⁺⁺⁺ (solution)+e⁻ (electrode), and results in a current flow I_(E).

Normally the Fe⁺⁺⁺ ions would start to diffuse away from the emitter region toward the base electrode where they would be reconverted back to Fe⁺⁺ ions, according to Fe⁺⁺⁺ (solution)+e⁻ (electrode)→Fe⁺⁺ (solution) and resulting in a large base current I_(B). To defeat this and achieve "transistor action" however, the collector electrode is placed much closer to the emitter electrode than the base is. The collector is "reverse-biased" by V_(C) and nearly all of the emitted Fe⁺⁺⁺ ions are converted back to Fe⁺⁺ ions at the collector before they can reach the base (so that I_(C) ˜I_(E) >>I_(B)). This process will result in emitter and collector characteristics similar to those in FIGS. 5 and 6. The key to the device is placing the collector much closer to the emitter than the base. As the paper of Letaw and Bardeen shows, this concept can be made to work with a variety of dissolved chemical species in water.

Although the concept of Letaw and Bardeen provides a means of obtaining transistor action with an electrochemical device, it is limited to liquid electrolytes and the limited range of ambient temperatures and environments associated with such electrolytes. There is so far no known concept for fabricating electrochemical structures from solid electrolytes which will exhibit transistor action.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The following describes a concept and gives examples for achieving transistor action using electrochemical structures which employ solid electrolytes as their principle components. Combined with standard external circuitry, such devices may be used to perform the same type of electrical functions as conventional semiconductor transistors. Such functions would include electrical current, voltage and power amplification. In accordance with an embodiment of this invention, the electrochemical systems (a system would include the specific solid electrolyte, the appropriate neutral and ionic forms of the active atomic species, electrode materials, an other attendent accessories) to which it may apply are quite varied. This is meant in the same sense that the concept for achieving a bipolar junction transistor may be applied to a great number of semiconducting materials or systems.

Of particular importance, the circumstances such as temperature and ambient environment under which such devices can operate may be extreme and well outside the ranges allowable for the operation of conventional semiconductor transistors or the liquid electrochemical devices described by Letaw and Bardeen. Accordingly such devices may find unique and useful application under these extreme conditions. For example a zirconium dioxide device described below can be operated at temperatures as high as about 1000° C. in gaseous environments containing oxygen such as may be found in an automobile exhaust. Other devices made from sodium beta alumina could operate in high temperature corrosive environments containing liquid sodium or sodium vapor.

In accordance with an embodiment of this invention, an electrochemical transistor using solid electrolytes has a collector region, an emitter region and a base region. The collector and emitter regions are composed of a solid electrolyte and two attached electrodes (or the equivalent) to form electrochemical cells which in response to an applied voltage will conduct an appropriate active atomic species in ionized form. The base region is a material or region adapted for taking up the active species in its electrically neutral form.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment of this invention, suitable for a high temperature oxygen containing environments, the collector and emitter cells are composed of ionically conducting zirconium dioxide in the form of thin plates with Pt electrodes on opposite faces as described previously. The device works at temperatures in excess of 500° C. where the ionic conductivity of zirconium dioxide is high. The base region, which must take up oxygen molecules (the neutral form of the active species), can be an enclosed volume defined by a hollow ceramic tube whose open ends are closed by the emitter and collector cells. One electrode from each cell (inner electrodes) are "enclosed" within the volume. The tube material is not critical. Lead wires are attached to the electrodes so that external circuitry can be connected to the cells.

In general, the device is placed (or additional structure built) so that a reservoir containing a large concentration of the active species in neutral form is in contact with the outer electrodes of each cell. For a zirconium dioxide device, this is accomplished by placing the device in an atmosphere containing a sufficient partial pressure of oxygen.

The operating conditions, appearance and characteristics of devices using different electrochemical systems can be quite varied and still be embodiments in accordance with this invention. It can further be appreciated that the physical processes involved in a transistor in accordance with an embodiment of this invention are quite different from the above described Letaw-Bardeen device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the operation of a liquid electrolytic cell wherein two electrodes are placed in a liquid and connected to each other through a battery thereby causing ionic conduction;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of ionic conduction across a solid electrolyte between opposing electrodes connected to opposite terminals of a battery;

FIG. 3 is similar to FIG. 2 using a particular embodiment of a sodium ion conductor;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing transistor action in the common base configuration;

FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of collector characteristics for a transistor depicted on an axis representing the collector-base voltage and an axis representing the collector current;

FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of transistor emitter characteristics represented on an axis of emitter-base voltage versus an axis of emitter current;

FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of the Letaw-Bardeen device wherein three electrodes are placed within a liquid electrolyte;

FIG. 8A is a schematic diagram of an electrochemical transistor in accordance with an embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 8B is the connection of the electrochemical transistor shown in FIG. 8A in a common-base configuration;

FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of the collector characteristic for the transistor as connected in FIG. 8B;

FIG. 10 is a graphical representation of a combined frequency plot of the normalized small signl voltage gain and the phase shift of the ac collector voltage relative to the ac emitter voltage for various R_(L) values for the transistor as connected in FIG. 8B;

FIG. 11 is an electrochemical transistor as shown in FIG. 8A connected in a common-emitter configuration; and

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of an electrochemical transistor connected in the common-base configuration in accordance with another embodiment of this invention wherein liquid Hg can serve as the base material, the reservoir for the active species in neutral form, and also the electrodes for the collector and emitter cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to FIG. 8A, transistor action in an electrochemical structure 10 can be obtained by employing a solid electrolyte. Structure 10 has two electrochemical cells in the form of disks 11 of ceramic zirconium dioxide doped with 8 mole percent Y₂ O₃. Strongly doped zirconium dioxide with a large concentration of O⁼ vacancies is an excellent O⁼ conductor at elevated temperatures and is well suited for use as a solid electrolyte. Porous Pt (paste or sputtered films) is used as the material for electrodes 12. Pt lead wires 15 (or other high temperature wire) are attached to each electrode with Pt paste so that the device may be connected to external circuitry. Using glass frit or ceramic glue 14, cells 11 are joined by a hollow, nonporous cylinder or tube 13. The cylinder material is not critical but must be able to withstand high temperature, be leak tight, and be capable of sealing to the zirconium dioxide wafers. A small hole can be drilled into the ceramic tube to allow an ambient atmosphere to leak into the enclosed volume for some applications. Alternately, the seals between the tube and the zirconium dioxide can be made somewhat leaky for the same purpose.

Electrochemical structure 10 works at elevated temperatures in excess of 500° C. where the zirconium dioxide is suitable conducting. Also, structure 10 must work in an oxygen containing gas environment which can vary from about 0.01% oxygen to about 10% oxygen at 1 atm total pressure. Typical operating conditions are an ambient atmosphere of 1% oxygen in nitrogen (total pressure of 1 atm) at 800° C. High temperature reduces the electrolyte resistance while oxygen supplies the active species. When a bias is applied to a zirconium dioxide cell 11, the current drawn is ionic and oxygen is withdrawn from the gas phase adjacent to the negative cathode and injected into the gas phase adjacent to the positive anode. The overall electrochemical reaction step occurring at each electrode is given by Equations (1) and (2).

Electrical operation can further be understood with the aid of FIG. 8B which shows the device wired in the common base configuration. The left cell or emitter 20 is forward biased by V_(E) to emit oxygen from the ambient into the enclosed volume or base region 21. The right cell or collector 22 is reverse biased by V_(C) through the load resistor 23, R_(L), to collect the emitted oxygen and return it to the ambient.

In a manner analogous to that of an n-p-n semiconductor transistor, the emitter characteristic will be of the low-impedance type illustrated by FIG. 6 since the active species is withdrawn from a reservoir where the concentration is high. On the other hand the collector characteristic will have the saturated character of FIG. 5 because the steady-state flux of active species withdrawn from the base region (or equivalently, collector current) can be no greater than the flux injected by the emitter cell regardless of how large the collector bias V_(C) (or the collector-base voltage, V_(CB)) becomes. Because the emitter and collector characteristics have the form described, the device can be said to exhibit transistor action and can be used to perform electrical functions common to transistors in the CB configuration.

The transport of the active species through the electrolytes is accomplished by ionic conduction. However, the transport of the neutral form of the active species through the base region is accomplished by atomic or molecular diffusion resulting from a concentration gradient of the species across the base region. In normal operation the concentration is higher near the inner electrode of the emitter cell, the region of injection, than near the inner electrode of the collector cell, the region of withdrawal.

Useful electrical functions, such as voltage amplification, could also be performed if the device were wired in CE or CC configurations. However, one function common to these configurations, namely ac current amplification could not be accomplished unless the device is fabricated with a small aperature through which the neutral form of the active species can leak into the base region. The reason is that the current to be amplified in these modes must flow in the base electrode lead. Without leakage, no mechanism exists for a steady-state current to flow in this lead; that is, the neutral species can enter or leave the base region only by means of the emitter and collector cells so that in steady-state operation, the emitter and collector currents must be identical to the exclusion of any current in the base lead (see FIG. 4). This can be defeated by devising a leak of appropriate size so that a small flux of neutral species may leak into the base region from a surrounding reservoir as the neutral species is being withdrawn from the base region by the collector cell. The result is that the collector current exceeds the emitter current by an amount equal to the current in the base lead (I_(B) =I_(C) -I_(E)). A small modulation of I_(B) as may be accomplished by a signal source in the base lead can then be amplified in conventional CE or CC configurations.

The physical processes which produce the steady state emitter and collector characteristics indicative of transistor action can be understood by successively considering three situations. First, emitter 20 is open circuited while oxygen leakage into the base region is considered negligible. Thus, for normal operation there is no means for oxygen to enter the base region. If the collector bias is applied, a transient current will be drawn while oxygen is pumped from the base. During the pump out, the collector cell 22 develops an electromotive force (EMF) given by the Nernst equation (Eq. (5)) appropriate for an oxygen concentration cell

    EMF=(RT/4F) ln (P.sub.O.sbsb.2 (ambient)/P.sub.O.sbsb.2 (base)) (5)

where R and F are the ideal gas and Faraday constants and T is the absolute temperature. The "4" is derived from the fact that four electrons are transferred between electrode and electrolyte during the electrochemical reaction step. P_(O).sbsb.2 (ambient) is the fixed ambient oxygen partial pressure while P_(O).sbsb.2 (base) is the partial pressure within the base which can be varied by the oxygen pumping action of either cell. Transient current flow stops when P_(O).sbsb.2 (base) has fallen to such a low value that the Nernst EMF exactly balances the applied voltage (EMF=V_(CB) =V_(C)). A voltmeter applied to the open emitter cell would register the same voltage. Note that steady state occurs when the flux of oxygen into the base equals the flux withdrawn so that for the present situation I_(C) =0, and the collector characteristic where I_(C) is plotted against the collector-base voltage V_(CB), is simply a straight line.

If oxygen leakage is allowed, the steady state collector current initially rises but then saturates as shown by the I_(E) =0 curve of the collector characteristic in FIG. 9. For this curve the rate at which oxygen leaks into the base equals the rate at which it is withdrawn by the collector cell. The reason I_(C) saturates is the resistance to the flux of oxygen offered by the inner electrode 121 (see FIG. 8B), or cathode, of the collector 22 cell. This is shown by the fact that the voltage at the open emitter 20 cell, which through the Nernst equation is acting as a sensor of P_(O).sbsb.2 (base), also rises and saturates when I_(C) does. For the case shown, V_(EB) ≃0.12 volts corresponding to P_(O).sbsb.2 (base)=5.6×10⁻⁵ atm. Such cathodic limiting currents are well established for Pt electrodes on zirconium dioxide fuel cells and electrolyzers.

The meaning of this result is that a large gradient in effective oxygen partial pressure or oxygen concentrations exists across the collector cathode at saturation. As a consequence the collector voltage drop can be given approximately by the following equation:

    V.sub.CB =I.sub.C R.sub.EC +(RT/4F) ln (P.sub.O.sbsb.2 (base)/P.sub.O.sbsb.2 (CB))                               (6)

which consists of the sum of an ohmic drop (I_(C) R_(EC)) where R_(EC) is the collector electrolyte resistance (˜50Ω), and a polarization EMF where P_(O).sbsb.2 (CB) is the effective oxygen pressure at the electrode-electrolyte interface of the collector cathode 121. In the region of saturation P_(O).sbsb.2 (CB)<<P_(O).sbsb.2 (base). For this embodiment, the limitation to the transport of oxygen provided by the collector cathode is the principal source of the concentration gradient across the base region referred to earlier.

As V_(CB) is further increased (to ˜1.2 volts) I_(C) eventually rises indicating breakdown. This occurs because the partial pressure of oxygen, P_(O).sbsb.2 (CB), drops sufficiently to reduce the electrolyte resulting in a degree of electronic conductivity. Initially this conductivity will develop only at the cathode surface of the electrolyte. This event is signalled by a precipitous rise in V_(EB) (which had been nearly constant) to values ranging from 0.6-1.0 volts indicating that oxygen has been completely pumped from the base. It is believed that the induced electronic conductivity renders the entire electrolyte surface active for taking up oxygen thereby increasing the pumping rate and removing a portion of the electrode polarization. With a further increase of V_(CB) electronic conductivity spreads throughout the electrolyte and I_(C) rises. Eventually decomposition of the electrolyte would result. Operation in this region is poor due to long-term drifts in I_(C) and V_(CB).

Finally, if emitter 20 is "forward biased" oxygen injected into base 21 is collected leading to the complete collector characteristic of FIG. 9. As shown the saturated collector current is closely given by the sum of the emitter current and the leakage current. Note that as I_(E) increases the I_(C) =0 intercept shifts to negative voltages. In this region base 21 is overpressured P_(O).sbsb.2 (base)˜P_(O).sbsb.2 (CB)<P_(O).sbsb.2 (ambient), and the emitted oxygen is forced out of the base region through the leak. For a given leak rate, operation with high ambient P_(O).sbsb.2 leads to large leakage currents while for very low P_(O).sbsb.2, cathodic polarization of the emitter would limit I_(E). The device can be operated as a small signal voltage amplifier as discussed previously. V_(C) and V_(E) are adjusted to establish an operating point in the region of collector current saturation. The load line is set by R_(L). A small ac modulation of the emitter voltage ΔV_(EB), varies P_(O).sbsb.2 (base) which in turn produces a larger modulation, ΔV_(CB) of the collector voltage. The majority of the latter modulation occurs in the polarization EMF due to a substantial variation in P_(O).sbsb.2 (CB). Voltage gains (G=ΔV_(CB) /ΔV_(EB)) of 70 have been realized. A small signal parametrization of the common-base characteristics was done using hybrid parameters. For the case discussed, and choosing a typical operation point, one finds ##EQU1## indicating that all of the emitted current is collected while ##EQU2## shows the small slope of the saturated collector characteristic. The emitter input resistance ##EQU3## is accounted for by the electrolyte resistance. The reverse amplification factor ##EQU4## is much larger than for Si transistors and reflects the fact that P_(O).sbsb.2 (base) is changing slightly in the region of I_(C) saturation, and as a result, the Nernst component of V_(EB) is affected.

Voltage gain falls off with frequency and falls off more rapidly for larger values of R_(L). FIG. 10 shows the normalized (to the zero frequency gain) ac voltage gain plotted against frequency for several values of R_(L). Also shown is the phase angle φ by which the output lags the input. The main factor limiting frequency response appears to be the double layer capacity at base electrode 121 of collector 22. As the polarization EMF of collector 22 is modulated during operation, the double layer capacity is charged and discharged through R_(L). The high value for this capacity, 100-200 μf/cm², is consistent with the low frequency response.

FIG. 11 shows the device wired in the common emitter configuration. In this mode voltage gains G=ΔV_(CE) /ΔV_(BE) comparable to the previous case can be obtained. In the absence of leaks, the input impedance (ΔV_(BE) /ΔI_(B)) would be very high since the base lead should carry no steady state current as discussed previously. Low frequency operation would resemble that of a vacuum triode where the grid current is negligible. With leakage however, current amplification is possible as can be seen in the following manner. It is found that the leak rate can be characterized by the relation shown in the following equation (7) where A is an empirical constant which increases somewhat with temperature.

    I.sub.leak (O.sub.2 molecules/sec)=A (P.sub.O.sbsb.2 (ambient)-P.sub.O.sbsb.2 (base))                          (7)

Electrically, the leakage current I_(B), is drawn through the base lead (I_(B) (amps)=4e I_(leak) where the factor 4e, being the electronic charge, converts the leakage flux in O₂ moleculea per sec to amps) and the collector cell (as is also the case for the common-base mode). As V_(B) is modulated about its operating point, P_(O).sbsb.2 (base) is varied which through equation (7) produces a small change in the leak rate and I_(B). At low frequencies an ac current gain ##EQU5## can be observed where the base input resistance h_(ie) = ##EQU6## These values vary with P_(O).sbsb.2 (ambient) which sets the maximal leak rate. A similar current gain can be obtained in the common-collector configuration.

As noted previously the present concept for an electrochemical transistor is general and not limited to zirconium dioxide solid electrolyte structures. An alternate solid electrochemical system would use ceramic sodium beta alumina as the electrolyte and Na⁺ ions as the active chemical species. With reference to FIG. 8A, disks 11 would be made of sodium beta alumina and electrodes 12 would be made of sputtered Sn or Mo. The device would operate in a high temperature atmosphere containing a substantial concentration of Na vapor. An alternate structure employing sodium beta alumina is shown in FIG. 12 where electrolyte disks 30 bracket a base region containing liquid Hg as base material 31. It is well known that sodium can be electrochemically injected or withdrawn from mercury which can take up large concentrations of sodium to form sodium-mercury amalgams. An appropriate tubing material 32 is necessary to complete the containment of the liquid amalagam in the base region. The outer faces of each electrolyte disk 30 are exposed in a similar fashion to reservoirs 33 of Na amalgamated with Hg in appropriate containers 34. Mercury, a good electronic conductor can simultaneously serve as the electrode material. Note that the polarities of the batteries in the external circuit have been reversed from those of FIG. 8B to allow proper operation for an electrolyte which conducts positive rather than negative ions.

The general beta alumina material can be chemically adapted to conduct numerous other atomic species other than sodium, including among them K, Li, Ag. Since many of these same elements can be amalgamated with mercury, the structure shown in FIG. 12 could, in this manner be applicable to numerous other electrochemical systems.

Various modifications and variations will no doubt occur to those skilled in the various arts to which this invention pertains. For example, the particular geometric configuration may be varied from that disclosed herein. These and all other variations which basically rely on the teachings through which this disclosure has advanced the art are properly considered within the scope of this invention. 

What I claim is:
 1. An electrochemical structure having a collector region, an emitter region and a base region which are arranged with respect to one another so as to facilitate transistor action and each of said collector emitter and base regions having electrodes in communication with reservoirs of an appropriate active species in electrically neutral form so that said electrochemical structure exhibits electrical characteristics and features commonly known as transistor action and can be used to provide alternating current voltage, current and power gain;said collector and emitter regions being spaced from one another each including solid ionically conducting material and two affixed electrode layers to form a collector and an emitter solid electrochemical cells respectively, suitable to conduct said appropriate active species available from the reservoirs adjacent to said collector and emitter electrochemical cells; said base region being an enclosed region which can take up the electrically active species in neutral form; said emitter and collector electrochemical cells each having one electrode which forms a part of the enclosure of said base region; the other electrode of each of said emitter and collector electrochemical cells being exposed to the reservoir of the active species in neutral form; said electrochemical cells being adapted so that transistor action can occur when there is electrochemical withdrawal of the active species from the reservoir adjacent to said emitter electrochemical cell and there is injection of the active species into said base region, while simultaneously the action of said collector electrochemical cell will be to withdraw the active species injected into said base region and deliver it to the reservoir adjacent to said collector electrochemical cell; and said reservoir adjacent to one electrode of each of said collector and emitter electrochemical cells shall, when the neutral form of the active species is a gas, be a space or a region for containing the gas and when the active species is a liquid or solid, the reservoir shall be a further liquid or solid and be associated with a supporting structure adapted to contain the active species.
 2. An electrochemical structure as recited in claim 1 wherein said base region includes a leak orifice for providing communication between the ambient and said enclosed region whereby the neutral form of the active species may leak into said base region from a surrounding reservoir for the purpose of allowing ac current gain when said electrochemical structure is connected as a transistor in a common-emitter or common-collector configuration.
 3. An electrochemical structure as recited in claim 1 wherein the material of said base region is an electronic conductor and can act as an electrode for the electrochemical cells.
 4. An electrochemical structure as recited in claim 1 wherein the ionically conducting material composing said electrochemical cells is ceramic zirconium dioxide doped with a suitable dopont, such as Y₂ O₃ (yttria), so that the material is adequate for the conduction of O⁻⁻ ions at elevated temperature, where said electrodes include electrically continuous, thin films of Pt, and where the active species in neutral form is gaseous oxygen.
 5. An electrochemical structure as recited in claim 4 wherein said base region has a volume defined in part by a hollow tube of arbitrary cross section and said emitter and collector electrochemical cells are in the form of platelets with electrodes affixed to opposing faces, said platelets completing the enclosure of said base region by being attached to the ends of said tube so that one electrode from each of said emitter and collector electrochemical cells is within said enclosed region.
 6. An electrochemical structure as recited in claim 4 further comprising external circuitry attached to the electrodes of said electrochemical structure, said external circuitry being adapted to be adjusted to cause said electrochemical structure to exhibit transistor action and cause oxygen gas to be withdrawn from the reservoir adjacent to said emitter electrochemical cell and injected into said base region while injected oxygen gas is being withdrawn from said base region by said collector electrochemical cell and delivered to the reservoir adjacent to said collector electrochemical cell.
 7. An electrochemical structure as recited in claim 4 wherein said tube enclosing said base region has a leak orifice so that oxygen gas may leak into said base region from an external reservoir.
 8. An electrochemical structure as recited in claim 1 wherein said ionically conducting material of said emitter and collector regions is sodium beta alumina adapted for the conduction of Na⁺ ions, where the active species in neutral form is Na, and where the electrodes are liquid Hg which with supporting structure also serves as a reservoir for containing the active species.
 9. An electrochemical structure as recited in claim 8 further comprising a base material which is Hg and whose volume is defined in part by a hollow tube of arbitrary cross section and where said emitter and collector electrochemical cells are in the form of platelets which complete the enclosure of said base region by being attached to the ends of said tube.
 10. An electrochemical structure as recited in claim 8 further comprising external circuitry attached to said Hg in the reservoirs and said base region, said external circuitry being adapted to cause said electrochemical structure to exhibit transistor action by withdrawing sodium from the reservoir adjacent to said emitter electrochemical cell and injected into the base material (Hg) while the injected sodium is being withdrawn from said base region by said collector electrochemical cell and delivered to the Hg reservoir adjacent said collector electrochemical cell.
 11. An electrochemical structure as recited in claim 8 wherein a tube encloses said base region and said tube has a leak orifice so that Na from an external reservoir may leak into said base region. 